Síndrome de Lynch: Selección de pacientes para el estudio genético mediante análisis de inestabilidad microsatelital e inmunohistoquímica.

Resumen

LYNCH SYNDROME: SELECTION OF FAMILIES BY MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY.

Background: Selection of patients with Lynch Syndrome (LS) for a genetic study involves the application of clinical criteria. To increase the rate of identification of mutations, the use of molecular studies as Microsatellite Instability (MSI) and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the tumor has been proposed. Aim: To demonstrate the usefulness of  MSI and IHC in the detection of mutations in patients with LS. Material and methods: From our Familial Colorectal Cancer Registry, families suspected of LS were selected according to Amsterdam or Bethesda clinical criteria. Screening of germline mutations of MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6 genes was performed. In addition, analysis of MSI and IHC were performed in colorectal tumors.  Results: A total of 35 families were studied (19 met Amsterdam and 16 met Bethesda criteria). Twenty one families harbored a germline alteration in MLH1, MSH2 or MSH6 (18 Amsterdam and 3 Bethesda). In these families, eighteen different alterations were found, 15 of which were mutations and 3 corresponded to variants of uncertain pathogenicity. On the other hand, 80% of the tumors showed positive microsatellite instability (27 MSI-high and 1 MSI-low), and immunohistochemical testing showed that 77% of tumors had the loss of a protein. Correlation between results of tumor molecular studies and the finding of germline nucleotide change showed that  IHC and MSI predicted mutations in 81 and 100% of patients, respectively. Conclusions: MSI and IHC can efficiently select patients with a high probability of carrying a mutation in DNA repair genes.